Standards for steam surface condensers 10th edition

Guidance for the special finishes can be found of the condenser and the cooling water quality. DC power supply with an inert anode to maintain 9. Proper operation of the system is essen- 9. This improvement is discretion- 9. This program and schedules. The system shall pro- pany's procedures prior to equipment movement. The party responsible ground transportation.

This work should be coordi- for the field installation should have a quality assur- nated with the transport company prior to delivery.

Review of this quality assurance program shall be the responsibility 9. Special spreader beams may be Manufacturer's and HEI Standards, which provide required to handle extra heavy and oversized loads. Lifting arrangement should be in accor- 2 Controlled distribution of material and weld dance with Manufacturer guidelines.

These 9. Lay down area must have adequate load carrying 0 9. Exercise additional cares when freezing 9. Consult with corrosion and damage. The Purchaser 9. Manufacturer will coordi- guidelines.

The supervision of the erection crew Fit up and weld quality 9. The schedule of erection and work progress In the event of any conflict between the 9. Particular the Erection Superintendent will bring such con- attention should be given to protection of tubes and flicts to the attention of the Purchaser's Designated tubesheets from arc strikes, falling objects, flame Representative. No welding should be performed on Representative to perform a post installation walk waterboxes if an internal coating has been applied.

Unless otherwise provided for in the purchase 9. Superintendent to advise the Purchaser in the proper Unless otherwise provided for in the purchase installation and start up of the surface condenser and order, the Manufacturer's Representative shall not accessories in accordance with the erection drawings be responsible for the following: and procedures.

NDE of field welds The Erection Superintendent will comply with all Examination of welds, weldments and compo- jobsite regulations. Unless otherwise provided for nents not readily accessible or well lighted.

Depth Depth to be the Smaller of0. Residual Weld Max. Dress as Max. Height not to Max. Height not Max. Note 1 assure good paint coverage. Maximum length of any single indentation is 2 inches. Maximum width is inch. Maximum length of any single protrusion is 4 inches.

Sharp protrusions which may cause injury must be dressed regardless of size. Blasting when specified in this table or when performed at the manufacturer's option shall be done with shot, sand or grit. Special blasting media may be used for specialty coatings, liners, or paints only with the approval of the coater and purchaser. When blasting swfaces in contact with steam or condensate only silica free shot or grit is permitted.

Materials pl. Indentations, lumps, etc. Discoloration from the heat of we lding, therma l cutting, and heat treatments are acceptable.

Heavy oxides and scaling caused by these processes will be removed by manual wire brushing or similar processes.

Stainless steel shielding requi1es only mechanical cleaning or solvent cleaning. Blasting and pickling are not required. Solvent cleaning as referenced in many sections of the SSPC Standard is not required as a general cleaning method. It shall be used only for local cleaning of oily type contamina nts.

The thickness of the base material in Tab le 15 is referred to as "T". Table All dimensions in inches. All dimensions in mrn. The accessories to be included are adequate to to assist in writing specifications for steam surface meet the requirements of service for which the condensers. It is for the convenience of Purchasers unit is specified who wish to incorporate parts or all of it in their own 4. The highest degree of safety in operation and specifications.

The equipment is of the proper capacity, type, and Pumps. The performance characteristics are proper to shall conform to the latest Heat Exchange Institute meet the Purchaser's specific service conditions Standards for Steam Surface Condensers. Materials adequate support for the tubes.

Holes for the tubes of construction should be in accordance with those shall be drilled in accordance with paragraph 8. The A2. Suitable supporting feet shall bottom of the condenser shell. There shall be openings for admission or removal of steam, air, vents, and returns as specified. Suitable means as specified. Materials of con- layout. The water boxes and cover plates if required struction shall be of the same material as the shell. A sufficient number of openings shall be provided of suitable size and A2.

Tubes shall be shop field tion. Water boxes shall be designed for the specified installed. Delivering railroads: A3. The equip- ment must be moved feet miles from the A3. The proposal, drawings with approximate dimensions method of unloading and movement of the condenser and weights, as well as descriptive material and components is as follows: data sheets which adequately describe the proposed design.

All necessary building openings through which equipment is to be passed, as well as shoring of i. Also, the Purchaser will Labor and material for unloading, handling, and provide copies of power plant reference drawings to the installation of equipment Manufacturer for use in the design and fabrication of All piping, valves, and fittings, including those the condenser. These will include drawings such as: between condenser and auxiliaries foundations, turbine exhaust details, circulating water All electrical wiring and motor controls piping, turbine bypass pipe, etc.

All instruments and gauges All supplies and operating personnel necessary for condenser startup Circulating water chemistry with material selec- tion Turbine allowable loads. Notes: 1. Pressure should always be designated as gage or absolute.

The acceleration of gravity, g, is taken as 9. One gallon US liquid equals in8. Section Vlll, Division 2: Allowable stress intensity associated with the applicable load combination or stress combination.

Section III, Division 1: Allowable stress intensity associated with the applicable service limit or stress combination. FRRF r0! Calculate Allowable Forces and Moments. Dl F hour. The guide provides general guidance, and operators are advised to consult with the manufacturer when necessary for spe- cific instructions regarding their equipment.

Many of the items listed below are not in the scope of the condenser manufacturer; however, these items do affect operation and must be considered by operators. HEI has produced a computer rating program to assist operators in evaluating the performance of their condens- er.

Contact HEI at hei heatexchange. Symptoms Possible Causes Possible Solutions. Weld failure Locate weld failme and repair. Leaks from incoming vents and drains Check all valves on vent and drain lines. Instrumentation Check all flanged connections and valves of instrumentation. Check drain somces. Fluctuating or Introduction of drains exceeding design Evaluate internal dispersion design.

Unstable Hotwell parameters Install stilling chambers where Levels applicable. Ensure that control valves are correctly sized. Condensate pump malfunction Check condensate pump operating manual. Transient operating conditions Evaluate after steady state is reached.

False instrumentation readings See False Instrumentation Reading section. See Improper Venting ofWaterbox section. Waterbox not full of water See Improper Venting ofWaterbox section. Excessive number of plugged tubes Replace plugged tubes.

High condensate level Check condensate levels and adjust to design. High dissolved 0 2 in return condensate Check return condensate stream sources. High condensate level resulting in Check condensate levels and adjust to sub-cooling of the condensate design. Insufficient sparging steam in the hot- Restore sparging steam to design condi- well tions. Low load operation Consult. HEI design standards. A restriction or debris located in the Remove the obstructions in the tubes or tubes or in the waterbox in the waterbox.

Improperly vented waterbox See Improper Venting ofWaterbox section. Increased circulating water flow rate Restore to design conditions. Improper Venting of Blocked air vents Inspect and repair vent opening as Waterbox required. Corroded connections Replace with corrosion resistant material.

Insufficient air vent capacity. Calculate piping system air release and check vent size. Insufficient cooling water pump Check cooling water piping and tubes for capacity blockage. Check cooling water pumps for wear. Review overall system hydraulics. Check high points in cooling water 0 Missing automatic air release valve system for automatic air release valves.

Missing vacuum check valve Where vacuum exists in top of boxes and piping high points once through siphon systems include vacuum check valve on air release valves. Lagging Failure Improper attachment oflagging Inspect lagging attachment prior to plant For Extraction Piping startup, and during plant outages to and Condenser Neck make s ure all lagging parts are securely Mounted Heater installed.

Protect lagging from direct impingement from incoming drains. Physical impact from failed expansion Repair failed expansion joint and replace joint lagging section. Local Overheat Operating conditions exceeding design Re-evaluate internal dispersion design Hot Spots parameters. LowHotwell Insufficient freefall distance from Hotwell level is above design or normal Temperature bottom tube to liquid level level.

Operate at design level. Check Condensate Sub- instrumentation. Possibly alleviated with steam sparging in hotwell. Low circulating water temperature Expected when due to seasonal variation. Broken or loose components inside the Repair broken or loose components Unusual Sounds condenser. Water hammer impact inside the Check for proper operation of cooling water box water system. Worn or damaged internal connection Inspect connections for damage. Review Tube Failures baffies or spray pipes actual operating conditions with manu- facturer.

Repair connection, plug or replace tubes. Excessive tube vibration due to Correct abnormal conditions. Contact abnormal operating conditions. Excessive tube vibration due to Re-evaluate connections for baffles, location of service conections. Chloride attack - stainless steel Review water chemistry and tube tubing compatibility.

Stagnant water during extended Tubes may need to be rinsed and dried shutdown for extended shutdown. Ammonia attack- copper alloy tubing Check with plant water chemistry specialist. Maintenance or construction damage Plug or replace as required.

Tube inlet erosion Check water flow and adjust to design. Check water quality, especially suspend- ed solids. Water Out: oF 11 Saturation Temp. Corrosion allowance: ln. Capacity: fr 35 Maximum Liquid Level: in. Capacity: tr 36 Condensate Outlet Size: ln. Condensate Outlet Number: 37 Shell 38 Thi ckness: in. I Min. This article concerns itself Steam load lblhr 1,, with steam surface condenser performance.

Steam temperature F Inlet Water temperature F Prior to this time, there were varying claims Water Temp 1. This same uncertainty of what performance Temp Rise F The HEI immediately concentrated This example is single pass and down turbine its efforts on publishing overall heat transfer rates for exhaust rectangular configuration for ease of discus- 0 condensers based on data derived from actual field tests.

By this approach was abandoned because sion only. All information contained herein is appli- cable regardless of the number of passes, exhaust of the extreme variations in operating conditions of orientation, or geometry.

The body of the condenser isolates the condenser Since the field testing data would not allow a sat- steam space from the surrounding atmosphere. Extensive laboratory testing sate in a quantity meets the system requirements. Information from this testing was The section that contains the tube bundles is the correlated with the actual field performance data to "shell" whose primary function is support of the tubes produce technically accurate data for publication in and provide proper distribution of steam to the tube the Condenser Standards.

These standards have been bundle. The "transition piece" provides the geometry that connects the turbine exhaust. The primary func- The resulting HEI condenser performance stan- tion of the transition piece is to distribute the steam dard achieved its intended mission.

The overall tube appropriately to the tube bundles. The condenser has many functions that it is required to perform beyond L The moisture ends of the condenser and flow around feedwater content of the incoming steam normally ranges from heaters, extraction piping, bracing, etc. This affecting the steam temperature and pressure at the entrance to the tube bundle at various The flow pattern from any turbine, is not uniform.

The effect is a lengthwise Not only does the flow pattern vary between turbine variation from uniform heat transfer along the tube manufacturers and turbine types, but streak areas length.

It is under these high velocity streak areas of the turbine The shell , which contains and support the tubes , exhaust that erosion, if it is to occur, will show up on must also provide adequate area for the distribution the tube bundle. A' In addition to the primary function of condens- v The transition piece must also function to provide for distribution of steam to the ends of the tube bun- The condenser is also the lowest pressure point in dles with a minimum of pressure loss.

The example the power plant. As such, all drains return to this has a distribution pattern as shown in Figure 2. The point. The drains vary from subcooled liquid to flash- longer a condenser is, the more severe the require- ing liquid to superheated steam. Due to the inlet drain ment to distribute steam to the ends is while keeping conditions and their proximity to the tube bundle, the the pressure loss to a minimum. Take, for example, the plant makeup connection which usually is subcooled water.

To meet the requirements of deaeration and reheat it is normally introduced in a spray header in the transition piece. The operation and design conditions of the condens- er operating within a system varies from installation to installation. Since actual conditions are virtually impossible to determine design, any prudent stan- - - -- - -- - - dard for heat transfer must take into consideration all of these effects.

If we take our example unit and divide boundary layer. Variation in the condensate bound- the tube length into ten discrete sections, it is evi- ary layer thickness will also be different for each dent from Graph B that the cold inlet section of the design and each set of operating condition s.

Figure 4 illustrates a typical tube sheet design that could be selected for the example condenser. Any condenser tube bundle design will have a fixed geometry throughout its entire length.

The tube Tube configurations will dictate different flows to the various sections of the tube bundle. It is the designer's responsibility to produce a tube pat- Knowing that the geometry is fixed and considering tern that has equal pressure loss from each quadrant the variation in steam condensed along the length, to the air cooler to ensure that the noncondensibles it can be shown that velocities and losses into and can be properly evacuated from the tube bundle. The through the tube bundle will also vary.

Graph C relates velocities into and pressure loss through the tube The upper part of the tube bundle is typified by bundle to the center of condensation located in the concurrent condensate and steam flow, the side sec- fourth section for each of the ten condenser sections tions by perpendicular flows of condensate and steam, previously chosen.

I The lower tubes are exposed to more condensate I perature, and c the percentage of noncondensibles increases with flow penetration. G1loo Cl 'fi.. C:CIN e u. Generally the top outside standard is workable over a wide range of conditions tubes have the highest heat transfer rate with the and over a wide range of applications, taking into inside tubes near the air cooler having the lowest consideration information from tube calorimeter rate.

The preliminary design estimate taken from this overall "U" value. The condenser designer must the example would suggest that this would range know the characteristics of the t ube arrays used from a little over l6F temperature rise for the outer under varying conditions within the tube bundle. The ratio ofthis change is effects of these characteristics. Values determined depicted on Graph D. Ct performance guarantees that are essential to plant '. Every tube bundle has a variation in heat transfer rate across its depth and along its length for the fac- tors previously delineated.

Consequently the perfor- mance of any tube array cannot be determined until the actual tube aJ. Tay is complete. Because this "U" value takes into account parameters other than the basic heat transfer across the wall of the tube, it is not meant to be used as the specific individual tube "U" value. The mandate of the HEI is to promulgate a heat transfer standard that every purchaser can rely on when issuing specifications for surface condensers and one that every competent designer can meet.

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Enable Auxiliary Access Wide screen. Account Remember me Forgot password? View: Reply: 4. The Heat Exchange Institute. For steam surface condenser, only tube side is a running cost of condenser, while shell side steam expands in a condenser from turbine exhaust directly. Hei Standards Steam Surface Condenser. Hei standard for steam surface condensers pdf; previous m sc physics question paper pdf; lektyra shkollore per klasen e 8 pdf; renovacion documento nacional de.

Standards for Steam Surface Condensers 8th. Edition of Steam Surface Condensers as well as the Addendum to. Heat Exchange Institute; Standards for Steam. HEI standards are continually. Standards for Steam Surface Condensers. HEI standards are recognized worldwide as the leading standards for heat exchange equipment.